To all of you and all rabbits.
To people in Taiwan and people in London.
To all the trees, grass and fern.
To all the flower, fruit and seeds.
To all the leaves, trunks and roots.
To all the spores.
To all the ghosts, if there is any ghost.
To all the gods, if they do exit.
To all the viruses, bacteria and fungi.
To all the lives and elements.
Happy to the universe.
What a great new year.
2011年1月31日 星期一
山仔頂植物園: 另人痛心
- 森林浴區?: 是黑板樹區吧. 沒有作為的推托之詞.
- 放任民眾亂種亂開路. 隨便貼一張警告標示就了事?
- 把一些蕨類當雜草般剷除.
- 主要樹種幾乎都是日本人留下來的. "光復" 幾十年不知道做了什麼. 除了給我們"森林浴" 的黑板樹.
- 亂種一通. 毫無規畫.
- 難怪林試所都不敢說是植物園. 而說是樹木園. 可我們要的是植物園啊.
- 加油. 我們的公務人員.
- 真悲哀.
2011年1月30日 星期日
Home fern: year report
一年來後院種蕨整理.
小葉複葉耳蕨. 富貴蕨. 粗毛鱗蓋蕨. 短柄卵果蕨. 粗齒革葉紫萁. 鐵線蕨. 台灣猀欏. 廣葉鋸齒雙蓋蕨. 台灣原腺蕨. 台灣金狗毛蕨. 小毛蕨. 網脈突齒蕨. 東方狗脊蕨. 山蘇花. 杉葉石松. 鳳尾蕨. 箭葉鳳尾蕨. 鞭葉鐵線蕨. 扇葉鐵線蕨 杯狀蓋補碎骨. 海岸擬茀蕨. 抱樹石葦. 波斯頓腎蕨.
2011年1月27日 星期四
2011年1月24日 星期一
榕屬植物與榕果小蜂群聚生態: by徐芝敏副教授
桑科（Moraceae）榕屬（Ficus spp.）植物起源於赤道兩側，於距今約
一億一千萬年至七千萬年前之白堊紀。全世界目前約有 1000 種左右。
榕屬植物具有乳汁，托葉掉落之後有殘留的環狀托葉痕，尤其引人注
意的在於它的酒杯狀的隱頭花序，其為一個膨大捲曲的花托包被著數以千
計小花，形成一個密閉的空間，對外僅存一個細小的孔道，供雌授粉蜂進
入。無花果小蜂 ( Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae )的祖先，出現於距今約一億五千
萬年至一億一千萬年前之侏羅紀，其與無花果樹之間的關係是共同演化的
極佳例子。有翅的雌蜂受到無花果樹化學性的吸引，擠入花序中傳粉。此
時雌花已成熟，準備接受花粉，但雄花仍短小未成熟。隨即小蜂產卵於短
花柱的子房內，雌花形成蟲癭，提供小蜂幼蟲食物與保護。
幼蟲化蛹後，首先羽化的是無翅的雄蜂，穿過蟲癭壁與未羽化的雌蜂
交尾，且在無花果壁上鑽出一條與外界相通的隧道。稍後，雌蜂才破蛹羽
化，帶著成熟雄花的花粉，離開原來的無花果，找尋新的無花果。另有蟲
癭蜂雖鑽入榕果內，但不傳粉；寄生蜂直接以產卵管從榕果外刺入雌花產
卵。
在臺灣常見的原生榕屬植物有 27 種，常見的包括：
1. 雌雄同株 (monoecious)：正榕、赤榕、大華榕、九丁樹、白肉榕。
2. 雌雄異株 (dioecious)：雄株榕果內兼有雄花及蟲癭花（gall flower）,
而雌株雌花為種子花（seed flower），只接受花粉發育為種子。如：
山猪枷、稜果榕、大果榕、牛乳樹、牛奶榕、愛玉子榕、蔓榕、臺
灣榕、白榕。
一億一千萬年至七千萬年前之白堊紀。全世界目前約有 1000 種左右。
榕屬植物具有乳汁，托葉掉落之後有殘留的環狀托葉痕，尤其引人注
意的在於它的酒杯狀的隱頭花序，其為一個膨大捲曲的花托包被著數以千
計小花，形成一個密閉的空間，對外僅存一個細小的孔道，供雌授粉蜂進
入。無花果小蜂 ( Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae )的祖先，出現於距今約一億五千
萬年至一億一千萬年前之侏羅紀，其與無花果樹之間的關係是共同演化的
極佳例子。有翅的雌蜂受到無花果樹化學性的吸引，擠入花序中傳粉。此
時雌花已成熟，準備接受花粉，但雄花仍短小未成熟。隨即小蜂產卵於短
花柱的子房內，雌花形成蟲癭，提供小蜂幼蟲食物與保護。
幼蟲化蛹後，首先羽化的是無翅的雄蜂，穿過蟲癭壁與未羽化的雌蜂
交尾，且在無花果壁上鑽出一條與外界相通的隧道。稍後，雌蜂才破蛹羽
化，帶著成熟雄花的花粉，離開原來的無花果，找尋新的無花果。另有蟲
癭蜂雖鑽入榕果內，但不傳粉；寄生蜂直接以產卵管從榕果外刺入雌花產
卵。
在臺灣常見的原生榕屬植物有 27 種，常見的包括：
1. 雌雄同株 (monoecious)：正榕、赤榕、大華榕、九丁樹、白肉榕。
2. 雌雄異株 (dioecious)：雄株榕果內兼有雄花及蟲癭花（gall flower）,
而雌株雌花為種子花（seed flower），只接受花粉發育為種子。如：
山猪枷、稜果榕、大果榕、牛乳樹、牛奶榕、愛玉子榕、蔓榕、臺
灣榕、白榕。
山仔頂之二:毛柿
前面隔著水溝. 是山仔頂的小黑森林
一小群毛柿.
水溝邊兩排小朋友
稀毛蕨.鐵線蕨.鳳尾蕨.小毛蕨.密毛小毛蕨.橢圓線蕨. 大金星蕨. 鞭葉鐵線蕨
很熱鬧.
毛柿的故鄉在恆春半島
去墾丁旅遊時.
臺灣樹蘭.黃槿.毛柿. 山猪枷. 葛塔德木.欖仁舅.
頂著落山風.自在無畏的姿態.
就像電影中.主角初入納美人世界的震撼與感動吧.
在山仔頂重逢時.他們是否也會問:
君從故鄉來.應知故鄉事......
Diospyros discolor Willd. Taiwan Ebony.柿樹科（Ebenaceae）.台灣黑檀、毛柿格.雌雄異株，花黃白色，單生.性喜高溫、潮濕和半陰的環境。其耐鹽性佳、抗風力強；但耐旱性略差、耐寒性尚可，耐陰性不佳。台灣僅產於恆春半島、蘭嶼、綠島等近海之叢林或森林中，是海岸林代表之樹種之一。
2011年1月14日 星期五
山仔頂之一:水黃皮
民權路入口左轉. 四棵漂亮的水黃皮
右邊有三個鄰居: 臺灣樹蘭. 也是老樹了. 長的很高大.
很喜歡他們的之姿態. 像是俠士飛躍騰挪
大喬木. 枝幹卻有大藤本的氣勢.
樹不高. 樹冠卻很廣. 很有氣度的感覺.
最喜歡的樹. 可惜位置不佳. 靠近民權路的喧囂名字不好. 是長在水邊. 但跟黃皮這種果樹無關.
莢果形狀很像臺灣. 改名叫臺灣豆好了.
很有用. 全株都是寶: 生質柴油 honge oil. 燈油. 肥皂. 動物飼料. 殺蟲劑. 肥料. 瓦斯. 固氮. 遮蔭. 改善氣候真是太厲害了.
Seed of hope. 很棒的樹
Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy,Biofuel Rural Development Initiative,natural insecticide, material leftover from the oil extraction as a feed supplement for cattle, sheep and poultry as this byproduct contains up to 30% protein.
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre ex Merr.蝶形花科,深根性,葉為奇數羽狀複葉，互生，革質，小葉對生，有柄長橢圓形或卵形，花腋生，總狀花序，蝶形，淡紫色。莢果木質，長橢圓形，略呈刀狀，扁平。種子扁球形，富含油脂。耐鹽，抗旱，果實可在海上漂流
2011年1月10日 星期一
2011年1月7日 星期五
難纏的念珠菌陰道感染
念珠菌是屬於真菌類一種.是我們日常生活中常見的生物.釀酒.烤麵包等等的酵母菌就同屬真菌類.生活週遭及身體表面就有許多念珠菌.那為什麼有很多人會造成陰道的念珠菌感染呢?
正常女性的陰道表皮細胞,受到荷爾蒙影響,會產生肝醣,這樣的環境.讓陰道乳酸桿菌定居下來,乳酸桿菌利用醣份,產生乳酸,降低PH值,使陰道內環境變酸,酸性環境可避免很多有害病菌的侵襲,是保護陰道第一道防線.
這些乳酸菌是我們忠實的外籍傭兵,但在一些情況下也有可能消失,例如.濫用抗生素,用消毒藥水,反覆沖洗陰道等.一旦乳酸桿菌消失,有害病菌就可長驅直入,陰道發炎就可能不斷復發
有害念珠菌一旦可以大量在陰道繁殖.那會有什麼後果?首先要了解,念珠菌有很多種,最常見的是白色念珠菌Candida. Albucan.約佔80％,其他還有熱帶念珠菌及C.glebrata.C.krusei,C.parapsilsis,saccharomyces cerevisiae等等,這些念珠菌會分芽生殖,有些會產生菌絲或假菌絲,侵入陰道上皮層,甚至進入真皮層.
當念珠菌在陰道內大量繁殖時,通常可用藥物有效的治療,一個標準療程,約可治癒8成以上的病人,但一旦念珠菌突破身體的第二道防線及第三道防線時,則容易反覆復發甚至治療失敗.
身體第二道防線就是表皮的連續性,它像一道城牆一樣防止真菌的入侵,一旦出現微小傷口,菌絲就可能進入皮層.
即使念珠菌侵入表皮,皮膚內還有第三道防線,就是我們的免疫力,包括白血球.吞噬細胞等,如果我們生病,遇到重大壓力,作息異常,都會使我們的免疫力下降,導致復發.
一旦發生陰道念珠菌感染後,要如何治療?治療藥物一般分成幾類:一是Polyene,它可以破壞真菌細胞膜的連續性,導致真菌死亡.第二類Azoles,它可以抑制真菌麥角脂醇的生成,第三類是藥物作用在真菌的染色體.通常陰道念珠菌感染以塞劑或藥膏局部處理,按標準療程治療,均有不錯的效果.
為什麼有些人會長期反覆姓的發作呢?有些人已經盡量穿寬鬆褲子,不做有害的陰道沖洗,穩定作息. 為什麼還是會反覆發生?原因有三:第一是正常的陰道乳酸菌重建不易,除了服用乳酸菌改善生活習慣之外,還需要數月到數年時間.第二可能原因,念珠菌產生抗藥性,尤其是非白色念珠菌類的,常對一般藥物有抗藥性,有些人治療全憑自覺.感覺好些了就中斷療程,等不舒服時,再拿剩下的藥物來用,這也是讓菌種產生抗藥性的原因之一.第三是菌絲深入皮層,藥物治療必須連續使用一段長時間後,才能徹底殺死細菌.
有人常自行使用藥物,症狀稍有改善就停藥,結果還是復發.因為藥物除了要殺死致病菌外,還要等陰道上皮的傷口完全愈合後才可停藥,那需要比較長的時間.
念珠菌陰道炎一旦治好之後,並不表示就不會再感染,所以還是要保持良好的生活習慣,若偶而發生,則要好好的完成一個治療療程.規律的運動,少煙,少酒,正常作息,保持心情愉快,則是健康不二法門.
快速變大的卵巢腫瘤- granulosa cell tumor
CASE REPORT: This 55-year-old woman presented with abdominal enlargement and no stool passage for about 2 weeks. she has suffered from occasional abdominal distention and constipation after an appendectomy 30 years ago. Postmenopausal irregular vaginal bleeding was also noted for one year after her menopause 4 years ago, but she didn't pay attention to it and regarded it as normal perimenopausal course. Physical exam showed a huge abdominal mass, about 30cm in size. The patient emphasized the mass growing in recent days after she drank several bowls of 四物湯. An ultrasound showed huge abdominal cystic mass, multiple septi and some solid portion. Minimal ascites was noted, too. The patient showed severe anemia with hemoglobin 6.5 g/dl. Other lab data shows below: CA125 : 131 U/ml; E2: 484 pg/ml; FSH: 0.06 mIU/ml. A surgery planned and revealed huge right adnexal cystic mass with massive intratumoral bloody fluid and clots. Right oophorectomy and hysterectomy were done.
CONCLUSION: Granulosa cell tumors have malignant potential. They are the most common type of malignant ovarian sex cord stromal tumors, and they comprise two to five percent of all ovarian cancers. Intratumoral hemorrhage occasionally occurs in these turmors. Whether the herb drugs, like 四物湯, trigger tumor bleeding needs more observation and study.
CONCLUSION: Granulosa cell tumors have malignant potential. They are the most common type of malignant ovarian sex cord stromal tumors, and they comprise two to five percent of all ovarian cancers. Intratumoral hemorrhage occasionally occurs in these turmors. Whether the herb drugs, like 四物湯, trigger tumor bleeding needs more observation and study.
2011年1月6日 星期四
原發性無月經症合併X染色體異常
CASE REPORT: The CASE REPORT: The 19-year-old female patient presented with primary amenorrhea. She is 170 cm tall and 67kg in weight. Both Tanner classifications of thelarche and pubarche were stage II. The uterus and bilateral adnexa were small on a trans-abdominal ultrasound. Phyiscal examination found infantile vulva and normal hymen. The laboratory findings were as follows: follicle-stimulating hormone 35.68 mIU/ml; luteinizing hormone 12.14 mIU/ml; estradiol 17 pg/ml. Genetic investigation revealed a 46,X, der (X )(Xq21). The chromosomes of her parents are all normal. The chromosomal abnormality is a de novo change. CONCLUSION: In young women with primary amenorrhea, the single most common cause is primary ovarian failure due to gonadal dysgenesis. The largest number of patient with primary amenorrhea and ovarian failure has Turner’s syndrome, followed by 46,XX and rarely 46, XY. Cytogenetic study is important in management of patients with primary amenorrhea.
A rare case of intrauterine device and asymptomatic huge pyometra
CASE REPORT: The 78-year-old wowan presented with an abdominal mass noted for more than 30 years. She has 8 children and intrauterine device (IUD) was inserted after her last delivery. She had not ever changed or removed the IUD. Abdominal palpable mass and occasional lower abdominal pain were noted but she did not look for help. Image studies showed a huge uterus with fluid acumination about 200x110x100 mm in size. An IUD was found near the internal cervical os. Pelvic examination revealed smooth cervix with obstructed os. Under laparotomy, huge uterus with about 2400ml pustular content and an IUD inside were noted. Subtotal hysterectomy was done and the postoperative course was uneventful. Pus culture report as follow: Bacteroides fragilis and Viridans stregpococcus. CONCLUSION: Huge pyometra can be asymptomatic for many years, and IUDs with obstructed cervix is an important cause in cases of pyometra.
It is hard to identify the uterus on imaging studies in a case of gonadal agenesis
CASE REPORT: The 20-year-old female patient presented with primary amenorrhea. She is 175 cm tall and 67kg in weight. No secondary sexual development was noted. Both Tanner classifications of thelarche and pubarche were stage I. The uterus and bilateral adnexa were invisible on a trans-abdominal ultrasound and a pelvic MRI. Phyiscal examination found infantile vulva and normal hymen. The laboratory findings were as follows: follicle-stimulating hormone 89.15 mIU/ml; luteinizing hormone 29.26 mIU/ml; estradiol 23.28 pg/ml; testosterone < 0.2 ng/ml. Genetic investigation revealed a 46,XX karyotype without any mosaicism. Under the impression of gonadal agenesis, hormone replacement therapy began. After regular treatment for 6 months, menarche occurred .An ultrasound arranged and showed normal uterus contour, 53x21x35mm in size. CONCLUSION: In a hypoestrogenic state, the uterus will be atrophic and can not be found on an ultrasound or MRI.
Hormone replacement therapy with continuous estrogen and seven days of added progestin per month result in endometrial adenocarcinoma
CASE REPORT: The 73-year-old female patient presented with intermittent postmenopausal vaginal bleeding for about 20 years. She is 155 cm tall and 41 kg in weight. She visited a gynecologist for advice about perimenopausal syndrome 20 years ago. The doctor suggested continuous premarin 0.625mg daily and added provera seven days per month. She did not visit other doctors about the prescription, but bought drugs in pharmacy for about 20 years. Intermittent vaginal bleeding was found, but she considered it as usual progesterone withdrawal effects. She came to our clinic because the vaginal bleeding became heavier than before for several days. An enlarged uterus was noted on pelvic examination . An ultrasound revealed thickened hyperechoic endometrial mass, measured 29x38x22mm in size. The definition of endometrial-myometrial junction is not clear. The diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma was confirmed after an endometrial sampling. DISCUSION: Unoppsed estrogen promotes mitotic growth of endometrium and is highly related to endometrial neoplasia. Progestin protects endometrium by reducing cellular receptors for estrogen and induction of traget cell enzymes that convert estradiol to estrone sulfate. What is the minimal monthly progestin exposure to protect the endometrium? Some had suggested at least 10 days’ duration of added progestin. In our case, the patient under HRT with continuous estrogen and 7 days of added progestin per month seems at high risk of endometrial carcinoma.
2011年1月4日 星期二
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